Insulin - the hormonal secret of the processor plays an important role, guaranteeing the persistence of blood glucose. Diabetic sugar is a consequence of a deficiency of this hormone. The complications caused by the disease often lead to death. The basic principles of treating diabetes are a strict adherence to the diet, taking medicines or insulin injections, monitoring blood levels of glucose, observing your body so as not to miss the first signs of complications.
Pathogenesis of the disease
Diabetic sugar is a constant disorder of insulin hormone synthesis and its interaction with tissues in the body.
Insulin processes the resulting sugar into glucose and passes it through the cell membranes. In this way, the hormone lowers the degree of blood sugar and supplies cells with a meal. Insulin deficiency with impaired tissue sensitivity leads to the fact that glucose does not participate in metabolism and continues to circulate through the body. The biology of not only carbohydrate metabolism is lost, but also fats, proteins, water salt.
Increasing sugar increases the amount of lipid fractions in the blood, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. The transformation of glucose into glycogen slows down and the body begins to use fat as resources. The fatty acids decay and ketone bodies appear, which cause damage to the central nervous system.
Causes and electricity
Insulin production is impaired due to damage to beta cell synthesis. The main risk factor for diabetes is heredity, which significantly increases the effect of other factors. The likelihood of getting sick increases with age. The causes of diabetes:
- Immune system failure. It provokes the attack of pancreatic cells with protective proteins.
- Obesity. Reduces the reaction of receptors to the hormone due to excess fat (the cause of the type of diabetes).
- Pancreatic disease. Call the death of cells that secrete the hormone (pancreatitis, cancer).
- Virus infection (varicella, rubella, flu).
- Nervous tension.
The disease is in the role of independent pathology as a temporary symptom. The causes of diabetes mellitus may be the consequences of the errors of endocrine organs (hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma). The symptomatic excess of glucose discovered during pregnancy (including the use of IVF) is called gestational diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurs as a side effect of prolonged use of certain drugs (glucocorticoids, estrogen, psychotropic drugs) when exposed to toxic substances.
Hyperglycemia signals diabetes only in the presence of insulin errors, the appearance of symptoms of sugar.
Types of diabetic pathology
Diabetic sugar is a disorder of carbohydrates and the metabolism of water in the body.
The WHO classification determines two leading types of disease: insulin dependent (type I) and the opposite form -insulin -dependent diabetes (type II). They differ for the causes of pathogenesis, the nature of the course, have their own characteristics of treatment, but the consequences are so dangerous.
- Insulin -dependent (youth) diabetes is caused by the autoimmune aggression of the body. The affected endocrine beta cells are not able to produce insulin at the required doses, its permanent administration from the outside is necessary. Persons under 30, thin. The disease begins suddenly, quickly progresses and has a severe course.
- Insulin -dependent. The causes of diabetes of this type are heredity and obesity. Insulin can be produced in sufficient quantities, but the cells are not sensitive to it. This is due to excess nutrients. Diabetics over 40 have complete physics. The acquired diabetes develops gradually, continues steadily. Most patients suffer from this type of disease.
Weight
The severity of the development of diabetes mellitus in the stage of glycemia, glucosuria, the degree of dysfunction of the target organs, the presence of complications is determined, which indicates the options for compensation of the body. There are 4 degrees of weight. If diabetes passes to a slight degree, then treatment and nutrition are selected properly. The degree of diabetes and symptoms is described in the table.
Degree Blood sugar, mmol/l Urine indications Symptoms 1 No more than 7 Protein is normal, glucosuria is absent Absent 2 7-10 Glucose up to 40 g/l; Ketosis and zeyacidosis occasionally occur Malfunction of cardiac activity, visual apparatus, nervous system, manifestation of angiyonopathy 3rd (heavy) 10-14 Sustainable glucosuria 40 g/l, lots of protein, ketone bodies Enhanced effect on organs, decrease in vision, pain and numbness in the legs, increase in blood pressure 4th (superstooling) 15-25 More than 50 g/l glucose, intense proteinuria and ketoacidosis Strong damage to all organs, kidney failure, diabetic coma, gangrene, ulcerative foci on the legs Characteristic symptoms of diabetes
The clinical signs of the disease in most cases are characterized by a gradual course.
Diabetes in adults may not be immediately announced that this leads to the development of complications. Type I diabetes develops rapidly with high glycemia and coma. The intensity of the symptoms of acquired diabetes is related to the degree of deficiency of insulin products, the individuality of the patient's body. You need to go through a test to determine the degree of sugar blood if one of the symptoms appears:
- an unusual sensation of dry mouth;
- the inability to quench the thirst;
- Improved diuresis - increasing the amount of urine shown;
- rapid weight loss or weight gain;
- itchy and dry skin;
- reduced sensitivity to the skin of the feet;
- numbness, numbness in the legs and arms;
- Convulsions, weight in the legs;
- purulent skin processes caused by slow skin regeneration;
- low resistance to infections;
- constant feeling of hunger;
- unclear vision;
- high blood pressure;
- swelling of the face and legs;
- Head pain, fainted;
- Acetone body odor;
- darkening of consciousness;
- Pseudo -Peritrite (fake "acute stomach").
The effects of glycemia
Diabetic sugar is a treacherous disease. Excess blood sugar damages the blood vessels, causes damage to the wall. Excess glucose is transformed into fat deposits. This leads to obesity and steatogepatosis (accumulation of lipids in liver cells). Glucose causes glycolization of membrane proteins. The oxidative process is able to cause the functioning of impaired proteins and the appearance of toxic through -products. Defective proteins cause disorders in the structure of the organs. The accumulation of toxins and ketones causes damage to the patient's nervous system, depending on disorders in the mind and coma. Excessive blood cholesterol is found on the arterial walls in damaged areas and forms plaque atherosclerosis, contributing to angiopathies of the eyes, vessels of the legs and other organs.
The degree of excess level of blood glucose determines the complexity of the course of the disease.
The risk of complications
Complex diabetes mellitus carries the danger of a sick person's life, so it is so important to identify the disease over time and to start treatment. The disease worsens for 10-15 years. Complications that appear quickly, progress and it's not easy to deal with. Acute complications with primary diabetes (hypo- and hyperglycemia) are caused by acute fluctuations in blood sugar. List of conditions that complicate the disease of diabetics:
- Hypoglycaemia - a sharp decrease in glucose less than 3 mmol/l can lead to hypoglycaemic coma.
- Hyperglycemia - lifting the sugar indicator above 6 mmol/l ends with hyperglycemic coma.
- Ketoacidosis - damage to neurons with ketone bodies, causing someone.
- Neuropathy - damage to the nerves of the periphery.
- Diabetes leg, trophic ulcers and lower limbs caused by angiopathy and neuropathy.
- Nephropathy - damage to small capillaries of the kidneys, which disrupts the functioning of the urine system.
- Retinopathy - thinning of the vascular walls of the retina.
- Cardiomyopathy - disorders in the heart muscle.
- Encephalopathy - pathology in the brain vessels.
Diagnostics
The diagnosis of diabetes determines the type of disease, severity, the presence of lesions of the internal organs. Studies can be performed repeatedly to evaluate the degree of progress of the disease and the effect of treatment. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes are characteristic signs of diabetes and the degree of glucose lift. Instrumental studies are done to confirm the diagnosis, urine and blood tests:
- Glucose indications on an empty stomach;
- Glycemic profile (daily vibration);
- insulin blood;
- Glucose tolerance study, sugar ratio on an empty stomach and after carbohydrate consumption;
- Glycolized hemoglobin analysis;
- blood for biochemistry;
- General urine analysis detecting glucose, proteins;
- electrolyte blood test;
- Acetone indicators in the urine;
- Checking eye view;
- Rebel test for kidney damage;
- Abdominal ultrasound;
- cardiogram for checking the heart function;
- Capillaroscopy, lower limb rayroscopy determines the degree of defects in the vessels.
In healthy people, blood glucose levels are in the range of 3, 3-5, 5 mmol/l.
The treatment of the disease
In the presence of suspicion of diabetes mellitus, this diagnosis must be confirmed or refuted.
Diabetic sugar is a chronic pathology that must be treated for life.
The principles of treating diabetes - the control of sugar in the blood glucometer and preventing complications by monitoring the diet and taking medication.
The endocrinologist can cure the disease, cardiologist, neuropathologist, ophthalmologist, vascular surgeon.
Modern treatments - medicines, diet, physical education - slowing the progression of the disease.
Medication
The doctor chooses the medicine, given the type of disease. Diabetes Meets 1 Diabetes uses to be used to insulin, diabetic diabetes can be lied to. The tablets act on the pancreas, increase the sensitivity of the peripheral tissues. Such medicines are used:
- Sulfanlamides.
- Biguanides.
- Insulin preparations with short and long -term action. Simple insulin is administered 3-5 times a day and long-active insulin up to 2 doses. Maybe combined use of medicines.
Diabetes
Treatment of diabetes certainly includes a diet with the selection of calorie content, except for easily digestible carbohydrates, sweets. Diabetes requires fractional power. At the same time, the nutrient ratio remains close to physiological. Sugar is replaced with xylitol or sorbitol. In the average and severe forms of the disease, diet # 9 is recommended. It is allowed to eat vegetable soups, fish and low -fat meat, yogurt and cheese products, cereals (buckwheat, barley oatmeal), fruits, sweet and sour taste. You can never eat sdoba, sweets, fatty dishes, rice gutoline, pasta, grapes, salty, marinated vegetables.
Prevention
The onset of type 1 disease may not always be affected as it can provoke a viral pathogen. The reason for the development of type 2 diabetes is considered an unhealthy lifestyle, especially in people with hereditary prerequisites. Prevention measures If diagnosed diagnosed disease is diagnosed: proper nutrition in small portions with a minimum of easily digestible carbohydrates and fats, maintaining optimum body weight. Hypertension is also performed with the control of the number of blood pressure. You should periodically donate blood for glucose content and lipid blood fractions. Moderate physical activity will help keep the body in tone.
